Uma metodologia de implantação da manufatura celular

Um dos conceitos de engenharia industrial mais difundido nos últimos anos é a Manufatura Celular. Apoiada na lógica da Tecnologia de Grupo, que advoga a simplificação de processos sem a necessária redução em sua diversidade, a Manufatura Celular adquiriu um papel fundamental em grande parte dos programas de melhoria de qualidade e produtividade industrial. Na tentativa de facilitar a tarefa de planejamento e implementação da Manufatura Celular em um ambiente industrial, este trabalho apresenta e discute uma metodologia prescritiva de implantação deste modelo. Além da Introdução (Capítulo 1) e Conclusões (Capítulo 6), este trabalho está organizado em quatro partes. Os capítulos 2 e 3 são destinados a uma revisão bibliográfica que serve, simultaneamente, de localização da Tecnologia de Grupo e Manufatura Celular no contexto da Engenharia de Produção e de embasamento teórico ao processo de efetiva implantação da Manufatura Celular. O Capítulo 4 é a parte central do trabalho. Nele se apresenta e discute a metodologia de implantação. Esta metodologia foi desenvolvida a partir da revisão teórica sintetizada nos capítulos anteriores e de uma aplicação prática em indústria, a qual é discutida no Capítulo 5.Cellular Manufacturing became one of the most popular concept of Industrial Engineering in the last few years. It has been being an important tool to many industries when it is necessary to reorganize production processes in order to achieve best results in productivity and quality. Cellular Manufacturing is based on Group Technology concepts, wich advocate process simplification without fewer diversity on products. This dissertation presents a methodology for cellular manufacturing implementation. The main objective of this methodology ís to help companies on the process of planning and organization of manufacturing cells. Apart ofthe Introduction and Conclusions sections, this dissertation is divided into four sections. Chapter 2 and 3 consist of a literature review that discusses the main concepts and aspects related to Cellular Manufacturing and Group Technology. This review can be used as a theoretical background in i:mplementing of Cellular Manufacturing. Chapter 4 is the main part of this work. In this chapter, the methodology of i:mplementation is presented. This methodology was originally developed from theoretical studies anda real i:mplementation in industry, presented in Chapter 5

Man vs. machine : predicting hospital bed demand

Background: The recent literature reports promising results from using intelligent systems to support decision making in healthcare operations. Using these systems may lead to improved diagnostic and treatment protocols and to predict hospital bed demand. Predicting hospital bed demand in emergency department (ED) attendances could help resource allocation and reduce pressure on busy hospitals. However, there is still limited knowledge on whether intelligent systems can operate as fully autonomous, user-independent systems. Objective: Compare the performance of a computer-based algorithm and humans in predicting hospital bed demand (admissions and discharges) based on the initial SOAP (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan) records of the ED. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study that compared the performance of humans and machines in predicting hospital bed demand from an ED. It considered electronic medical records (EMR) of 9030 patients (230 used as a testing set, and hence evaluated both by humans and by an algorithm, and 8800 used as a training set exclusively by the algorithm) who visited the ED of a tertiary care and teaching public hospital located in Porto Alegre, Brazil between January and December 2014. The machine role was played by Support Vector Machine Classifier and the human prediction was performed by four ED physicians. Predictions were compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results: All graders achieved similar accuracies. The accuracy by AUROC for the testing set was 0.82 [95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.77–0.87], 0.80 (95% CI: 0.75–0.85), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.71–0.81) for novice physicians, machine, experienced physicians, respectively. Processing time per test EMR was 0.00812±0.0009 seconds. In contrast, novice physicians took on average 156.80 seconds per test EMR, while experienced physicians took on average 56.40 seconds per test EMR. Conclusions: Our data indicated that the system could predict patient admission or discharge states with 80% accuracy, which was similar the performance of novice and experienced physicians. These results suggested that the algorithm could operate as an autonomous and independent system to complete this task

Uma metodologia de implantação da manufatura celular

Um dos conceitos de engenharia industrial mais difundido nos últimos anos é a Manufatura Celular. Apoiada na lógica da Tecnologia de Grupo, que advoga a simplificação de processos sem a necessária redução em sua diversidade, a Manufatura Celular adquiriu um papel fundamental em grande parte dos programas de melhoria de qualidade e produtividade industrial. Na tentativa de facilitar a tarefa de planejamento e implementação da Manufatura Celular em um ambiente industrial, este trabalho apresenta e discute uma metodologia prescritiva de implantação deste modelo. Além da Introdução (Capítulo 1) e Conclusões (Capítulo 6), este trabalho está organizado em quatro partes. Os capítulos 2 e 3 são destinados a uma revisão bibliográfica que serve, simultaneamente, de localização da Tecnologia de Grupo e Manufatura Celular no contexto da Engenharia de Produção e de embasamento teórico ao processo de efetiva implantação da Manufatura Celular. O Capítulo 4 é a parte central do trabalho. Nele se apresenta e discute a metodologia de implantação. Esta metodologia foi desenvolvida a partir da revisão teórica sintetizada nos capítulos anteriores e de uma aplicação prática em indústria, a qual é discutida no Capítulo 5.Cellular Manufacturing became one of the most popular concept of Industrial Engineering in the last few years. It has been being an important tool to many industries when it is necessary to reorganize production processes in order to achieve best results in productivity and quality. Cellular Manufacturing is based on Group Technology concepts, wich advocate process simplification without fewer diversity on products. This dissertation presents a methodology for cellular manufacturing implementation. The main objective of this methodology ís to help companies on the process of planning and organization of manufacturing cells. Apart ofthe Introduction and Conclusions sections, this dissertation is divided into four sections. Chapter 2 and 3 consist of a literature review that discusses the main concepts and aspects related to Cellular Manufacturing and Group Technology. This review can be used as a theoretical background in i:mplementing of Cellular Manufacturing. Chapter 4 is the main part of this work. In this chapter, the methodology of i:mplementation is presented. This methodology was originally developed from theoretical studies anda real i:mplementation in industry, presented in Chapter 5

Effects of technology adoption on mass customization ability of broad and narrow market firms

Despite the increasing number of mass customization (MC) studies in the literature and practice, two research gaps still remain. First, there is a lack of empirical studies to test predicted theoretical relationships between MC strategic, technical, and performance aspects (Tu et al., 2001). Second, there is limited understanding about the role of technology, including information technology in MC systems (Åhlström and Westbrook, 1999). This paper investigates the effects of technology adoption on the MC ability of 315 manufacturers of metal products, machinery, and equipment with either narrow or broad strategic market scope. The results suggest that different technologies have different effects on the MC dimensions of product capability and productivity, and that this effect is determined by the market scope of the firm

Modelo acumulativo de prioridades competitivas : validação teórica e impacto em performance

Este artigo apresenta uma análise empírica do modelo acumulativo de prioridades competitivas, originalmente proposto por Nakane (1986). O modelo provê uma seqüência para o desenvolvimento de distintas prioridades competitivas em operações, tal que melhorias em prioridades anteriores possam auxiliar no desenvolvimento de prioridades posteriores. Esta é uma alternativa à visão de trade-offs estáticos entre prioridades competitivas. Testamos o modelo acumulativo analisando dados da edição de 1996 do International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS-II). Um conjunto de 283 plantas de manufatura de produtos metal-mecânicos, maquinário e equipamentos provenientes de 23 países foi analisado. Realizamos uma análise estatística multivariada nos dados, para testar três postulados básicos do modelo acumulativo: (i) a seqüência sugerida para o desenvolvimento de prioridades competitivas (testamos a seqüência proposta por Noble, 1995), (ii) qualidade como a primeira prioridade competitiva a ser desenvolvida, e (iii) o impacto positivo do modelo sobre o desempenho econômico da firma.This paper searches for empirical evidence to the cumulative capability model in Nakane (1986). The model provides a path for the development of a series of operations capabilities, so that improvements in preceding capabilities would support, rather than prevent, improvements in succeeding capabilities. The model may be viewed as a counterpoint to the concept of static trade-offs between competitive priorities. We tested the cumulative capability model through multivariate statistical analysis on data from the 1996 edition of the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey. Data gathered from a group of 283 manufacturers of metal products, machinery, and equipment from 23 countries was analyzed. The objective is to test the validity of three main postulates of the model, that are (i) the proposed sequence for capability developments, (ii) quality as the most basic competitive capability and (iii) the positive relationship between model adoption and business performance improvements

Modelo acumulativo de prioridades competitivas : validação teórica e impacto em performance

Este artigo apresenta uma análise empírica do modelo acumulativo de prioridades competitivas, originalmente proposto por Nakane (1986). O modelo provê uma seqüência para o desenvolvimento de distintas prioridades competitivas em operações, tal que melhorias em prioridades anteriores possam auxiliar no desenvolvimento de prioridades posteriores. Esta é uma alternativa à visão de trade-offs estáticos entre prioridades competitivas. Testamos o modelo acumulativo analisando dados da edição de 1996 do International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS-II). Um conjunto de 283 plantas de manufatura de produtos metal-mecânicos, maquinário e equipamentos provenientes de 23 países foi analisado. Realizamos uma análise estatística multivariada nos dados, para testar três postulados básicos do modelo acumulativo: (i) a seqüência sugerida para o desenvolvimento de prioridades competitivas (testamos a seqüência proposta por Noble, 1995), (ii) qualidade como a primeira prioridade competitiva a ser desenvolvida, e (iii) o impacto positivo do modelo sobre o desempenho econômico da firma.This paper searches for empirical evidence to the cumulative capability model in Nakane (1986). The model provides a path for the development of a series of operations capabilities, so that improvements in preceding capabilities would support, rather than prevent, improvements in succeeding capabilities. The model may be viewed as a counterpoint to the concept of static trade-offs between competitive priorities. We tested the cumulative capability model through multivariate statistical analysis on data from the 1996 edition of the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey. Data gathered from a group of 283 manufacturers of metal products, machinery, and equipment from 23 countries was analyzed. The objective is to test the validity of three main postulates of the model, that are (i) the proposed sequence for capability developments, (ii) quality as the most basic competitive capability and (iii) the positive relationship between model adoption and business performance improvements

Effects of technology adoption on mass customization ability of broad and narrow market firms

Despite the increasing number of mass customization (MC) studies in the literature and practice, two research gaps still remain. First, there is a lack of empirical studies to test predicted theoretical relationships between MC strategic, technical, and performance aspects (Tu et al., 2001). Second, there is limited understanding about the role of technology, including information technology in MC systems (Åhlström and Westbrook, 1999). This paper investigates the effects of technology adoption on the MC ability of 315 manufacturers of metal products, machinery, and equipment with either narrow or broad strategic market scope. The results suggest that different technologies have different effects on the MC dimensions of product capability and productivity, and that this effect is determined by the market scope of the firm